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Human rights in Togo
Togo, a small, poor country in West Africa that was labeled “Not Free” by Freedom House from 1972 to 1998, and again from 2002 to 2006, and that has been categorized as “Partly Free” from 1999 to 2001 and again from 2007 to the present, has very serious and longstanding human-rights problems. According to a U.S. State Department report based on conditions in 2010, they include “security force use of excessive force, including torture, which resulted in deaths and injuries; official impunity; harsh and life-threatening prison conditions; arbitrary arrests and detention; lengthy pretrial detention; executive influence over the judiciary; infringement of citizens' privacy rights; restrictions on freedoms of press, assembly, and movement; official corruption; discrimination and violence against women; child abuse, including female genital mutilation (FGM), and sexual exploitation of children; regional and ethnic discrimination; trafficking in persons, especially women and children; societal discrimination against persons with disabilities; official and societal discrimination against homosexual persons; societal discrimination against persons with HIV; and forced labor, including by children.”〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154374.htm )〕
==Historical background==
Togo, once a German protectorate, and later a French possession, won independence in 1960 and has been criticized for its human-rights record ever since. Military leader Gnassingbe Eyadema took power in 1967; despite the legalization of political parties in 1991 and the ratification of a democratic constitution in 1992, the regime continued to be regarded as oppressive, and in 1993 the EU cut off aid in reaction to the regime's human-rights offenses. After's Eyadema death in 2005 his son, Faure Gnassingbe, took over, then stood down and was elected in elections that were widely described as having been fixed and which occasioned violence that resulted in as many as 500 deaths and the flight from Togo of 40,000 refugees.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14106781 )〕
The following is a chart of Togo's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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